The United States and Japan have been close economic partners, though they do not have a comprehensive bilateral free trade agreement (FTA). Since 2020, the countries have entered into limited bilateral trade deals, covering market access, digital trade, and critical minerals. Following the imposition of U.S. tariffs…

This report examines Congress’s constitutional power over import tariffs, Congress’s ability to delegate tariff authority to the President within constitutional limits, the scope of specific authorities Congress has delegated to the President to impose or adjust tariffs, and the ways in which courts have resolved chal…

The International Emergency Economic Powers Act (IEEPA) provides the President broad authority to regulate a variety of economic transactions following a declaration of national emergency. IEEPA, like the Trading with the Enemy Act (TWEA) from which it branched, sits at the center of the modern U.S. sanctions regime.…

The United States and the United Kingdom (UK) are among the world’s largest economies and are close trade and investment partners (Figure 1). During the first Trump Administration, following the UK’s withdrawal from the European Union (EU) (“Brexit,” see text box), the United States and the UK negotiated but did not c…

Avian influenza (i.e., bird flu) is a contagious viral disease of domesticated and wild birds. Depending on the viral strain, the disease can cause little to no signs of illness—referred to as “low pathogenic avian influenza”—to a range of symptoms from serious illness to death—referred to as “highly pathogenic avian…

On February 1, 2025, President Donald J. Trump issued Executive Order 14193, stating that “the failure of Canada to do more” to address illicit fentanyl and other drug trafficking “constitutes an unusual and extraordinary threat” to U.S. national security and foreign policy. The executive order declared a national eme…