H.R. 1481 (119th)Bill Overview

CART Act of 2025

Taxation|Taxation
Cosponsors
Support
Lean Democratic
Introduced
Feb 21, 2025
Discussions
Bill Text
Current stageCommittee

Referred to the Committee on Ways and Means, and in addition to the Committee on the Judiciary, for a period to be subsequently determined by the Speaker, in each case for conside…

Introduced
Committee
Floor
President
Law
Congressional Activities
01 · The brief
Plain-English summaryWhat this bill actually does

Creates a new tax regime and legal definition for “catastrophic risk transfer companies” (state‑licensed special purpose insurers) that issue securities and accept catastrophic insurance or reinsurance risks. Establishes qualification rules, corporate taxation rules, dividend characterization and timing, withholding exemptions for certain foreign and nonresident investors, and limits on other jurisdictions taxing reinsurance premiums.

Why people may split

Liberals focus on revenue loss and public safeguards; conservatives focus on market capacity benefits

Watch point

Technical, committee-centric tax bill likely to advance in Ways and Means if industry support exists; revenue and state-tax effects may prompt some opposition.

Creates a new tax regime and legal definition for “catastrophic risk transfer companies” (state‑licensed special purpose insurers) that issue securities and accept catastrophic insurance or reinsurance risks.

Establishes qualification rules, corporate taxation rules, dividend characterization and timing, withholding exemptions for certain foreign and nonresident investors, and limits on other jurisdictions taxing reinsurance premiums.

The bill permits series treatment for protected cells, requires full collateralization of covered risk, and includes procedural rules for failures, distributions, and professional expense deductions.

Passage40/100

Narrow, technical design improves odds, but fiscal impacts, state tax preemption, international investor treatment, and high complexity reduce standalone viability.

CredibilityPartial

How solid the drafting looks.

Contention55/100

Liberals focus on revenue loss and public safeguards; conservatives focus on market capacity benefits

02 · What it does

Who stands to gain, and who may push back.

Likely benefits vs burdens50% / 50%
Federal agenciesLocal governments · Federal agencies

These are examples from the analysis, not a ranked list of the most-affected groups.

Likely helped
  • Federal agenciesCreates a predictable federal tax regime for catastrophe risk transfer special purpose insurers.
  • Potential benefitMay attract additional capital and foreign investment via withholding relief for qualified investment dividends.
  • Potential benefitFacilitates issuance of catastrophe-linked securities and protected-cell, series-based financing structures.
Likely burdened
  • Local governmentsLimits state and local taxing authority over reinsurance premium receipts by non-domiciliary jurisdictions.
  • Potential burdenAdds compliance, reporting, and administrative burdens for issuers, investors, and tax authorities.
  • Federal agenciesWithholding exemptions for foreign holders could reduce federal tax receipts and enable cross-border tax planning.
03 · Why people split

Why the argument around this bill splits.

Liberals focus on revenue loss and public safeguards; conservatives focus on market capacity benefits
Progressive50%

Sees potential public benefits from private catastrophe risk capacity but is wary of special tax treatment favoring financial actors.

Concerned about revenue loss, reduced state tax bases, and insufficient consumer or public‑interest safeguards.

Wants stronger transparency, anti‑abuse rules, and climate‑risk accountability before full support.

Split reaction
Centrist75%

Views the bill as a pragmatic effort to expand private catastrophe risk capacity while clarifying tax treatment.

Generally favorable if accompanied by safeguards against tax avoidance and clarity for state regulators.

Wants cost estimates and limited technical fixes to prevent unintended loopholes.

Leans supportive
Conservative70%

Likes market-based expansion of catastrophe risk transfer and incentives attracting capital.

Views the measure as pro-growth, encouraging U.S. domiciles and private solutions to disaster risk.

Some concern about federal intrusion into state insurance taxation and any complex corporate carve-outs.

Leans supportive
04 · Can it pass?

The path through Congress.

Introduced

Reached or meaningfully advanced

Committee

Reached or meaningfully advanced

Floor

Still ahead

President

Still ahead

Law

Still ahead

Passage likelihood40/100

Narrow, technical design improves odds, but fiscal impacts, state tax preemption, international investor treatment, and high complexity reduce standalone viability.

Scope and complexity
52%
Scopemoderate
86%
Complexityhigh
Why this could stall
  • No scored revenue/cost estimate in bill text
  • Level of insurance industry support unknown
05 · Recent votes

Recent votes on the bill.

No vote history yet

The bill has not accumulated any surfaced votes yet.

06 · Go deeper

Go deeper than the headline read.

Included on this page

Liberals focus on revenue loss and public safeguards; conservatives focus on market capacity benefits

Narrow, technical design improves odds, but fiscal impacts, state tax preemption, international investor treatment, and high complexity red…

Unlocked analysis

Pro readers get the full perspective split, passage barriers, legislative design review, stakeholder impact map, and lens-based policy tradeoff analysis for CART Act of 2025.

Go beyond the headline summary with full stakeholder mapping, legislative design analysis, passage barriers, and lens-by-lens tradeoff breakdowns.

Perspective breakdownsPassage barriersLegislative design reviewStakeholder impact map
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