H.R. 3602 (119th)Bill Overview

Ending Qualified Immunity Act

Civil Rights and Liberties, Minority Issues|Civil Rights and Liberties, Minority Issues
Cosponsors
Support
Democratic
Introduced
May 23, 2025
Discussions
Bill Text
Current stageCommittee

Referred to the House Committee on the Judiciary.

Introduced
Committee
Floor
President
Law
Congressional Activities
01 · The brief
Plain-English summaryWhat this bill actually does

The bill, titled the Ending Qualified Immunity Act, amends 42 U.S.C. 1983 to remove the qualified immunity defense for persons acting under color of state law. It inserts language making good-faith, reasonable-belief, or “not clearly established” defenses unavailable for actions pending on, or filed after, enactment.

Why people may split

Accountability versus public-safety and recruitment concerns

Watch point

Relative to its intended legislative type, this bill is a clear, narrowly drafted substantive statutory amendment that directly removes certain defenses to liability under 42 U.S.C. 1983.

The bill, titled the Ending Qualified Immunity Act, amends 42 U.S.C. 1983 to remove the qualified immunity defense for persons acting under color of state law.

It inserts language making good-faith, reasonable-belief, or “not clearly established” defenses unavailable for actions pending on, or filed after, enactment.

The bill includes findings recounting the historical intent of Section 1983 and argues the qualified immunity doctrine frustrates that intent.

Passage20/100

Narrow statutory fix but politically polarizing, likely facing organized opposition, legal challenges, and significant Senate procedural barriers.

CredibilityPartially aligned

Relative to its intended legislative type, this bill is a clear, narrowly drafted substantive statutory amendment that directly removes certain defenses to liability under 42 U.S.C. 1983. The problem statement and the statutory mechanism are explicit; the bill applies to pending and future cases.

Contention78/100

Accountability versus public-safety and recruitment concerns

02 · What it does

Who stands to gain, and who may push back.

Likely benefits vs burdens50% / 50%
Local governmentsLocal governments

These are examples from the analysis, not a ranked list of the most-affected groups.

Likely helped
  • Potential benefitIncreases government official accountability by removing qualified immunity as a defense in Section 1983 suits.
  • Potential benefitLikely increases civil recoveries and settlements for plaintiffs alleging constitutional rights violations.
  • Local governmentsMay deter some rights violations by raising personal and municipal liability exposure.
Likely burdened
  • Potential burdenIncreases litigation volume and court caseloads, potentially delaying resolution of other cases.
  • Local governmentsRaises municipal and state liability costs, possibly increasing insurance premiums or local taxes.
  • Potential burdenMay prompt defensive practices and reduced proactive policing or regulatory enforcement.
03 · Why people split

Why the argument around this bill splits.

Accountability versus public-safety and recruitment concerns
Progressive95%

Likely strongly supportive; views the bill as restoring Congress’s original Section 1983 intent and increasing accountability for rights violations.

Sees the explicit removal of good-faith and “clearly established” defenses as correcting Supreme Court doctrines that limit remedies.

May still note litigation impacts are uncertain.

Leans supportive
Centrist60%

Cautiously supportive but pragmatic; favors accountability while worrying about unintended consequences.

Sees merit in restoring statutory clarity but wants guardrails to limit frivolous suits and protect reasonable split-second decisionmaking.

Would seek procedural or fiscal safeguards before full-throated support.

Split reaction
Conservative15%

Likely opposed; views the bill as removing necessary legal protections that let public servants perform duties without fear of constant liability.

Argues the change will increase lawsuits, raise public costs, and degrade law-enforcement effectiveness and recruitment.

Would prefer narrower reforms.

Likely resistant
04 · Can it pass?

The path through Congress.

Introduced

Reached or meaningfully advanced

Committee

Reached or meaningfully advanced

Floor

Still ahead

President

Still ahead

Law

Still ahead

Passage likelihood20/100

Narrow statutory fix but politically polarizing, likely facing organized opposition, legal challenges, and significant Senate procedural barriers.

Scope and complexity
24%
Scopenarrow
24%
Complexitylow
Why this could stall
  • Degree of bipartisan support among lawmakers
  • Intensity of opposition from law enforcement groups
05 · Recent votes

Recent votes on the bill.

No vote history yet

The bill has not accumulated any surfaced votes yet.

06 · Go deeper

Go deeper than the headline read.

Included on this page

Accountability versus public-safety and recruitment concerns

Narrow statutory fix but politically polarizing, likely facing organized opposition, legal challenges, and significant Senate procedural ba…

Unlocked analysis

Relative to its intended legislative type, this bill is a clear, narrowly drafted substantive statutory amendment that directly removes certain defenses to liability under 42 U.S.C. 1983. The problem statement and the s…

Go beyond the headline summary with full stakeholder mapping, legislative design analysis, passage barriers, and lens-by-lens tradeoff breakdowns.

Perspective breakdownsPassage barriersLegislative design reviewStakeholder impact map
Open full analysis