H.R. 3654 (119th)Bill Overview

TERRA Act

Native Americans|Advisory bodiesCivil actions and liability
Cosponsors
Support
Lean Democratic
Introduced
May 29, 2025
Discussions
Bill Text
Current stageCommittee

Subcommittee Hearings Held

Introduced
Committee
Floor
President
Law
Congressional Activities
01 · The brief
Plain-English summaryWhat this bill actually does

The Tribal Emergency Response Resources Act (TERRA) authorizes Indian Tribes to submit comprehensive "Plans" that integrate multiple Federal programs and funds to address environmental risks and disasters, including community-driven relocation. The Department of the Interior is the lead agency, with the Secretary given exclusive authority to approve Plans, coordinate streamlined permitting, facilitate expedited fee-to-trust acquisitions, consolidate reporting, and receive and disburse integrated funds to Tribes under specified timelines and waiver provisions.

Why people may split

Liberals emphasize Tribal empowerment and climate adaptation funding flexibility

Watch point

Relative to its intended legislative type, this bill is a clearly framed substantive policy change that creates a detailed statutory framework to allow Tribes to consolidate and manage multiple Federal funding streams in Tribe-authored Plans.

The Tribal Emergency Response Resources Act (TERRA) authorizes Indian Tribes to submit comprehensive "Plans" that integrate multiple Federal programs and funds to address environmental risks and disasters, including community-driven relocation.

The Department of the Interior is the lead agency, with the Secretary given exclusive authority to approve Plans, coordinate streamlined permitting, facilitate expedited fee-to-trust acquisitions, consolidate reporting, and receive and disburse integrated funds to Tribes under specified timelines and waiver provisions.

Passage35/100

Substantive benefits to Tribes weighed against broad waiver authority, fiscal redistribution, and federal-agency pushback produce modest chances absent major stakeholder compromise.

CredibilityPartially aligned

Relative to its intended legislative type, this bill is a clearly framed substantive policy change that creates a detailed statutory framework to allow Tribes to consolidate and manage multiple Federal funding streams in Tribe-authored Plans. It specifies concrete mechanisms, roles, timelines, and many procedural steps needed for implementation while also establishing reporting and dispute-resolution mechanisms.

Contention72/100

Liberals emphasize Tribal empowerment and climate adaptation funding flexibility

02 · What it does

Who stands to gain, and who may push back.

Likely benefits vs burdens50% / 50%
Federal agencies · CommunitiesFederal agencies

These are examples from the analysis, not a ranked list of the most-affected groups.

Likely helped
  • Federal agenciesEnables tribes to consolidate multiple federal funding streams into single plans, reducing duplication and administrati…
  • Federal agenciesSpeeds funding delivery by requiring agency transfers within 30 days and Secretary distributions within 45 days.
  • CommunitiesFacilitates community-driven relocation and resilience projects by allowing reallocation of funds and expedited fee-to-…
Likely burdened
  • Federal agenciesSignificantly expands waiver authority, potentially reducing statutory protections tied to integrated federal programs.
  • Potential burdenCentralizes oversight and funds control at the Department of the Interior, which may limit other agencies' checks.
  • Potential burdenCompressed environmental review timetables and presumed negative no-action impacts could limit thorough NEPA analyses.
03 · Why people split

Why the argument around this bill splits.

Liberals emphasize Tribal empowerment and climate adaptation funding flexibility
Progressive85%

Likely broadly supportive.

The bill advances Tribal self-determination, consolidates funding for climate adaptation and relocation, protects Traditional Ecological Knowledge confidentiality, and reduces bureaucratic barriers.

It aligns with priorities for climate resilience and honoring Tribal government-to-government relationships.

Leans supportive
Centrist65%

Cautiously supportive with reservations.

The bill offers useful streamlining for long-delayed Tribal projects and clearer timelines, but raises implementation, oversight, and statutory-compatibility concerns.

The centrist priority is ensuring accountability, predictable funding, and that statutory environmental reviews are respected.

Split reaction
Conservative25%

Likely skeptical or opposed.

The bill centralizes authority in Interior, enables broad waivers of statutory requirements, expedites land-into-trust transfers, and mandates tribal set-asides, raising concerns about federal overreach, weakened environmental reviews, and fiscal and jurisdictional impacts on states and programs.

Likely resistant
04 · Can it pass?

The path through Congress.

Introduced

Reached or meaningfully advanced

Committee

Reached or meaningfully advanced

Floor

Still ahead

President

Still ahead

Law

Still ahead

Passage likelihood35/100

Substantive benefits to Tribes weighed against broad waiver authority, fiscal redistribution, and federal-agency pushback produce modest chances absent major stakeholder compromise.

Scope and complexity
86%
Scopesweeping
86%
Complexityhigh
Why this could stall
  • No cost or OMB estimate included in text
  • Degree of unified support among diverse Tribal governments
05 · Recent votes

Recent votes on the bill.

No vote history yet

The bill has not accumulated any surfaced votes yet.

06 · Go deeper

Go deeper than the headline read.

Included on this page

Liberals emphasize Tribal empowerment and climate adaptation funding flexibility

Substantive benefits to Tribes weighed against broad waiver authority, fiscal redistribution, and federal-agency pushback produce modest ch…

Unlocked analysis

Relative to its intended legislative type, this bill is a clearly framed substantive policy change that creates a detailed statutory framework to allow Tribes to consolidate and manage multiple Federal funding streams i…

Go beyond the headline summary with full stakeholder mapping, legislative design analysis, passage barriers, and lens-by-lens tradeoff breakdowns.

Perspective breakdownsPassage barriersLegislative design reviewStakeholder impact map
Open full analysis