S. 1647 (119th)Bill Overview

ROI of the Federal Reserve Act

Finance and Financial Sector|Finance and Financial Sector
Cosponsors
Support
Republican
Introduced
May 7, 2025
Discussions
Bill Text
Current stageCommittee

Read twice and referred to the Committee on Banking, Housing, and Urban Affairs.

Introduced
Committee
Floor
President
Law
Congressional Activities
01 · The brief
Plain-English summaryWhat this bill actually does

This bill amends the Federal Reserve Act to (1) require annual reports from the Board and each Federal Reserve Bank on middle-class health and small-business credit availability; (2) prohibit Reserve Banks from purchasing Treasury bills with maturities over three years, buying mortgage-backed securities, or holding common stock acquired after enactment; and (3) require GAAP-consistent accounting and mark-to-market valuations for specified Fed reports and filings.

Why people may split

Progressives view asset limits as harmful to housing and credit availability

Watch point

Relative to its intended legislative type, this bill makes concrete statutory changes to Federal Reserve investment authority and reporting and sets accounting and valuation requirements, but it provides only partial implementation detail.

This bill amends the Federal Reserve Act to (1) require annual reports from the Board and each Federal Reserve Bank on middle-class health and small-business credit availability; (2) prohibit Reserve Banks from purchasing Treasury bills with maturities over three years, buying mortgage-backed securities, or holding common stock acquired after enactment; and (3) require GAAP-consistent accounting and mark-to-market valuations for specified Fed reports and filings.

Passage30/100

Constrained but consequential changes to Fed authority; politically sensitive, lacks compromise mechanisms, and could meet institutional resistance.

CredibilityPartially aligned

Relative to its intended legislative type, this bill makes concrete statutory changes to Federal Reserve investment authority and reporting and sets accounting and valuation requirements, but it provides only partial implementation detail.

Contention72/100

Progressives view asset limits as harmful to housing and credit availability

02 · What it does

Who stands to gain, and who may push back.

Likely benefits vs burdens50% / 50%
Small businessesLikely burdened

These are examples from the analysis, not a ranked list of the most-affected groups.

Likely helped
  • Small businessesIncreases transparency through new annual reports on middle-class and small business lending effects.
  • Potential benefitRequires GAAP and mark-to-market, improving comparability and timeliness of Fed financial disclosures.
  • Potential benefitLimits on long-term Treasury purchases reduce the Fed's duration exposure on its balance sheet.
Likely burdened
  • Potential burdenCurbs on asset purchases reduce monetary policy flexibility, especially during financial crises.
  • Potential burdenBanning MBS purchases may raise mortgage rates by reducing central bank demand and market liquidity.
  • Potential burdenLimiting Treasury purchases over three years could increase long-term yields and government borrowing costs.
03 · Why people split

Why the argument around this bill splits.

Progressives view asset limits as harmful to housing and credit availability
Progressive20%

Likely skeptical overall.

The transparency requirements are welcomed, but constraints on Fed asset purchases worry about reduced policy tools and harm to housing and credit access.

Likely resistant
Centrist45%

Mixed view.

Supports improved accounting and reporting but is concerned that strict asset purchase prohibitions reduce Fed flexibility.

Would favor amendments to preserve crisis tools.

Split reaction
Conservative80%

Generally supportive.

Sees the bill as restoring regular order, increasing accountability, and limiting Fed overreach into long-term securities and equities.

Leans supportive
04 · Can it pass?

The path through Congress.

Introduced

Reached or meaningfully advanced

Committee

Reached or meaningfully advanced

Floor

Still ahead

President

Still ahead

Law

Still ahead

Passage likelihood30/100

Constrained but consequential changes to Fed authority; politically sensitive, lacks compromise mechanisms, and could meet institutional resistance.

Scope and complexity
52%
Scopemoderate
24%
Complexitylow
Why this could stall
  • Absent cost estimate and CBO score
  • Legal challenges over imposing GAAP on the Fed
05 · Recent votes

Recent votes on the bill.

No vote history yet

The bill has not accumulated any surfaced votes yet.

06 · Go deeper

Go deeper than the headline read.

Included on this page

Progressives view asset limits as harmful to housing and credit availability

Constrained but consequential changes to Fed authority; politically sensitive, lacks compromise mechanisms, and could meet institutional re…

Unlocked analysis

Relative to its intended legislative type, this bill makes concrete statutory changes to Federal Reserve investment authority and reporting and sets accounting and valuation requirements, but it provides only partial im…

Go beyond the headline summary with full stakeholder mapping, legislative design analysis, passage barriers, and lens-by-lens tradeoff breakdowns.

Perspective breakdownsPassage barriersLegislative design reviewStakeholder impact map
Open full analysis