In 2025, President Trump expanded and increased existing steel and aluminum tariffs, imposed since 2018 under Section 232 of the Trade Expansion Act of 1962 (19 U.S.C. §1862). Section 232 authorizes the President to impose trade restrictions if the Secretary of Commerce determines that imports of a good “threaten to i…

Congress has constitutional authority over foreign commerce and tariffs, a power it has partially delegated to the President. Section 232 of the Trade Expansion Act of 1962 (19 U.S.C. §1862) authorizes the President to take action if the Secretary of Commerce determines that imports of a good threaten U.S. national se…

The United States and Japan have been close economic partners, though they do not have a comprehensive bilateral free trade agreement (FTA). Since 2020, the countries have entered into limited bilateral trade deals, covering market access, digital trade, and critical minerals. Following the imposition of U.S. tariffs…

This report examines Congress’s constitutional power over import tariffs, Congress’s ability to delegate tariff authority to the President within constitutional limits, the scope of specific authorities Congress has delegated to the President to impose or adjust tariffs, and the ways in which courts have resolved chal…

The Commonwealth of Australia is a long-standing diplomatic, economic, and security partner of the United States with joint military cooperation dating back as early as World War I. Throughout the 20th century, U.S.-Australian relations advanced with Australia becoming a major non-NATO U.S. ally through the Australia,…

After months of talks spurred by U.S. tariff actions, the United States and Japan announced in July 2025 a bilateral “strategic trade and investment agreement.” As part of the so-called framework agreement, the United States imposed a 15% tariff on most imports from Japan, a reduction from the 25% that President Trump…

In 2025, the United States concluded tariff and trade framework agreements (“trade deals”) with several European partners: the United Kingdom (UK); the European Union (EU), which conducts trade policy on behalf of its 27 members; and Switzerland and Liechtenstein. These trade deals address select tariff issues, follow…