S. 399 (119th)Bill Overview

Protecting Our Supreme Court Justices Act of 2025

Law|Criminal procedure and sentencingFirst Amendment rights
Cosponsors
Support
Republican
Introduced
Feb 4, 2025
Discussions
Bill Text
Current stageCommittee

Read twice and referred to the Committee on the Judiciary.

Introduced
Committee
Floor
President
Law
Congressional Activities
01 · The brief
Plain-English summaryWhat this bill actually does

This bill amends 18 U.S.C. §1507 to increase the criminal penalty for obstruction of justice by picketing or parading in or near a court building or the residence of a judge, juror, witness, or other court officer. The existing sentence in the first undesignated paragraph is changed from one year to five years.

Why people may split

Safety versus free-speech tradeoff: liberals worry about chilling protests.

Watch point

Relative to its intended legislative type, this bill is a narrowly focused, well-specified statutory amendment that increases the maximum criminal penalty in 18 U.S.C. 1507 by changing a single sentencing term.

This bill amends 18 U.S.C. §1507 to increase the criminal penalty for obstruction of justice by picketing or parading in or near a court building or the residence of a judge, juror, witness, or other court officer.

The existing sentence in the first undesignated paragraph is changed from one year to five years.

The bill title references Supreme Court justices but the statutory amendment applies generally to judges, jurors, witnesses, and court officers.

Passage30/100

Very narrow and low-cost but politically polarizing; low Senate support likelihood and potential constitutional challenges reduce chances.

CredibilityPartially aligned

Relative to its intended legislative type, this bill is a narrowly focused, well-specified statutory amendment that increases the maximum criminal penalty in 18 U.S.C. 1507 by changing a single sentencing term. It is precise in mechanism and clearly integrates with the cited existing statute, and implementation would proceed through ordinary criminal justice channels.

Contention72/100

Safety versus free-speech tradeoff: liberals worry about chilling protests.

02 · What it does

Who stands to gain, and who may push back.

Likely benefits vs burdens50% / 50%
Likely helpedFederal agencies · Permitting process

These are examples from the analysis, not a ranked list of the most-affected groups.

Likely helped
  • Potential benefitCreates a higher maximum prison term (one year to five years) for obstructive picketing or parading near judicial locat…
  • Potential benefitIntended deterrent effect could reduce threats, intimidation, and harassment directed against judges and justices.
  • Potential benefitProvides prosecutors with stronger sentencing tools to pursue cases involving intimidation of court officers or witness…
Likely burdened
  • Potential burdenCould chill lawful protests and peaceful picketing near courthouses and residences, implicating free speech rights.
  • Federal agenciesRaises the potential for longer federal sentences and increased federal prison population and costs.
  • Permitting processAmbiguous definitions of prohibited conduct may permit uneven or selective enforcement by prosecutors.
03 · Why people split

Why the argument around this bill splits.

Safety versus free-speech tradeoff: liberals worry about chilling protests.
Progressive40%

Generally sympathetic to protecting officials from threats, but concerned that a five-year penalty could chill lawful protest and free expression.

Worries about vague scope, residential protections, and disproportionate criminalization, especially against political demonstrations.

Split reaction
Centrist65%

Sees legitimate public-safety rationale for stronger penalties but wants clearer statutory language and guardrails to avoid constitutional problems.

Likely to support with narrowly tailored amendments or oversight assurances.

Split reaction
Conservative90%

Favors the bill as a necessary law-and-order measure to protect judges and their families; views a five-year penalty as an appropriate deterrent against intimidation.

Sees limited downside if enforcement is equal and targeted at violent or threatening conduct.

Leans supportive
04 · Can it pass?

The path through Congress.

Introduced

Reached or meaningfully advanced

Committee

Reached or meaningfully advanced

Floor

Still ahead

President

Still ahead

Law

Still ahead

Passage likelihood30/100

Very narrow and low-cost but politically polarizing; low Senate support likelihood and potential constitutional challenges reduce chances.

Scope and complexity
24%
Scopenarrow
24%
Complexitylow
Why this could stall
  • Whether Department of Justice supports the increased penalty
  • Likelihood of constitutional First Amendment challenges in courts
05 · Recent votes

Recent votes on the bill.

No vote history yet

The bill has not accumulated any surfaced votes yet.

06 · Go deeper

Go deeper than the headline read.

Included on this page

Safety versus free-speech tradeoff: liberals worry about chilling protests.

Very narrow and low-cost but politically polarizing; low Senate support likelihood and potential constitutional challenges reduce chances.

Unlocked analysis

Relative to its intended legislative type, this bill is a narrowly focused, well-specified statutory amendment that increases the maximum criminal penalty in 18 U.S.C. 1507 by changing a single sentencing term. It is pr…

Go beyond the headline summary with full stakeholder mapping, legislative design analysis, passage barriers, and lens-by-lens tradeoff breakdowns.

Perspective breakdownsPassage barriersLegislative design reviewStakeholder impact map
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