S. 431 (119th)Bill Overview

Cyber Conspiracy Modernization Act

Crime and Law Enforcement|Computer security and identity theftCrime and Law Enforcement
Cosponsors
Support
Bipartisan
Introduced
Feb 5, 2025
Discussions
Bill Text
Current stageCommittee

Read twice and referred to the Committee on the Judiciary.

Introduced
Committee
Floor
President
Law
Congressional Activities
01 · The brief
Plain-English summaryWhat this bill actually does

This bill amends 18 U.S.C. §1030 (the Computer Fraud and Abuse Act) to expressly include attempts and conspiracies in the covered offenses and penalties. It inserts language such as "or a conspiracy" and "conspires to cause, attempts to cause" in multiple subsections, enabling prosecution of conspiratorial and attempted computer-fraud-related conduct under the statute.

Why people may split

Left worries civil liberties and research chill; right emphasizes stronger enforcement.

Watch point

Relative to its intended legislative type, this bill has a clear and narrowly focused substantive aim (extending liability to conspiracies/attempts under 18 U.S.C. §1030) but is hampered by unclear and fragmented amendment text and by omission of several drafting and implementation details that would be reasonably expected for a criminal-law statute change.

This bill amends 18 U.S.C. §1030 (the Computer Fraud and Abuse Act) to expressly include attempts and conspiracies in the covered offenses and penalties.

It inserts language such as "or a conspiracy" and "conspires to cause, attempts to cause" in multiple subsections, enabling prosecution of conspiratorial and attempted computer-fraud-related conduct under the statute.

Passage35/100

Narrow, low-cost change that fits routine statutory cleanup, but criminalization expansion invites civil‑liberties and sentencing scrutiny, lowering chances.

CredibilityPartially aligned

Relative to its intended legislative type, this bill has a clear and narrowly focused substantive aim (extending liability to conspiracies/attempts under 18 U.S.C. §1030) but is hampered by unclear and fragmented amendment text and by omission of several drafting and implementation details that would be reasonably expected for a criminal-law statute change.

Contention70/100

Left worries civil liberties and research chill; right emphasizes stronger enforcement.

02 · What it does

Who stands to gain, and who may push back.

Likely benefits vs burdens50% / 50%
Likely helpedFederal agencies

These are examples from the analysis, not a ranked list of the most-affected groups.

Likely helped
  • Potential benefitEnables prosecutors to charge conspiracies, aiding disruption of organized cybercriminal networks.
  • Potential benefitProvides deterrence against planning cyber intrusions, potentially lowering attempted attacks.
  • Potential benefitAllows preventive legal action against plots before harm, better protecting critical infrastructure.
Likely burdened
  • Federal agenciesExpands federal criminal liability for preparatory acts, likely increasing the scope of prosecutions.
  • Potential burdenMay be applied broadly to ambiguous conduct, risking criminalization of benign security research.
  • Potential burdenIncreases prosecutorial discretion, raising concerns about uneven or selective enforcement.
03 · Why people split

Why the argument around this bill splits.

Left worries civil liberties and research chill; right emphasizes stronger enforcement.
Progressive30%

Would see a legitimate law-enforcement aim in targeting organized cybercriminal conspiracies but be wary of expanding criminal liability.

Concerned about chilling effects on security research, vague pre-criminal liability, and unequal enforcement without safeguards.

Likely resistant
Centrist65%

Likely cautiously supportive because it strengthens tools against cybercrime while recognizing need for precision.

Would want clearer definitions and safeguards to avoid unintended prosecutions and to limit compliance and enforcement costs.

Split reaction
Conservative85%

Generally favorable as a pragmatic strengthening of law enforcement capability against cybercriminal networks.

Views the change as closing a gap that lets conspirators avoid accountability, while seeing civil-liberty risks as manageable.

Leans supportive
04 · Can it pass?

The path through Congress.

Introduced

Reached or meaningfully advanced

Committee

Reached or meaningfully advanced

Floor

Still ahead

President

Still ahead

Law

Still ahead

Passage likelihood35/100

Narrow, low-cost change that fits routine statutory cleanup, but criminalization expansion invites civil‑liberties and sentencing scrutiny, lowering chances.

Scope and complexity
24%
Scopenarrow
24%
Complexitylow
Why this could stall
  • Overlap with existing general conspiracy statutes and practical necessity
  • Potential constitutional vagueness or overbreadth challenges
05 · Recent votes

Recent votes on the bill.

No vote history yet

The bill has not accumulated any surfaced votes yet.

06 · Go deeper

Go deeper than the headline read.

Included on this page

Left worries civil liberties and research chill; right emphasizes stronger enforcement.

Narrow, low-cost change that fits routine statutory cleanup, but criminalization expansion invites civil‑liberties and sentencing scrutiny,…

Unlocked analysis

Relative to its intended legislative type, this bill has a clear and narrowly focused substantive aim (extending liability to conspiracies/attempts under 18 U.S.C. §1030) but is hampered by unclear and fragmented amendm…

Go beyond the headline summary with full stakeholder mapping, legislative design analysis, passage barriers, and lens-by-lens tradeoff breakdowns.

Perspective breakdownsPassage barriersLegislative design reviewStakeholder impact map
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